pppTpT has been identified as a bacterial signalling nucleotide involved in a bacterial anti-phage defence system named Clover. In the Clover system, elevated TTP (aka dTTP) levels during viral infection activate the dGTPase function of the Clover protein CloA which depletes the cellular nucleotide pool, thereby restricting phage replication. The partnering regulatory enzyme CloB produces the inhibitory signal pppTpT that suppresses CloA activation and thus protects uninfected cells from aberrant nucleotide depletion and immune-associated toxicity.
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