Nodularin

ALX-350-061

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Inhibitor of PP1 and PP2A

Hepatotoxin
Potent inhibitor of PP1 and PP2A
Useful for cytotoxicity and environmental studies

Nodularia spumigena is a cyanobacterium often found in drinking water in developing countries and capable of accumulating in fish and seafood. It produces nodularin, a genotoxic and hepatotoxic monocyclic pentapeptide. Nodularin inhibits protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) (IC₅₀=1.8nM), protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) (IC₅₀=0.026nM), and to a lesser extent protein phosphatase 2B (PP2B) (IC₅₀=8.7µm). Nodularin is similar to microcystin-LR (Prod. No. ALX-350-012) but with increased water solubility. Nodularin is capable of inducing oxidative DNA damage by oxidation of purines as well as apoptosis in HepG2 cells.

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Product Details

Appearance	Dry residue containing traces of monobasic potassium phosphate.
CAS	118399-22-7
Couple Target	Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase
Couple Type	Inhibitor
Formula	C₄₁H₆₀N₈O₁₀
Identity	Identity determined by MS.
MW	825.0
Purity	≥95% (HPLC)
RTECS	GU2294250
Solubility	Soluble in methanol:water (1:1).
Source	Isolated from Nodularia spumigena.

Handling & Storage

Use/Stability	As indicated on product label or CoA when stored as recommended.
Long Term Storage	-20°C
Shipping	Ambient Temperature

Regulatory Status	RUO – Research Use Only

Phosphorylation by JNK switches BRD4 functions: Devaiah, B. N., Singh, A. K., et al.; Mol. Cell 84, 4282 (2024), Abstract
Cyanotoxins Increase Cytotoxicity and Promote Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Progression by Enhancing Cell Steatosis: S. Niture, et al.; Toxins (Basel) 15, 411 (2023), Abstract
Toxicological response of Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei to a hazardous cyanotoxin nodularin exposure: Y. Duan, et al.; Environ. Pollut. 318, 120950 (2023), Abstract
A Feasibility Study into the Production of a Mussel Matrix Reference Material for the Cyanobacterial Toxins Microcystins and Nodularins: A.D. Turner, et al.; Toxins 15, 27 (2023), Abstract
Multiclass cyanotoxin analysis in reservoir waters: Tandem solid-phase extraction followed by zwitterionic hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry: M.M. Aparicio-Muriana, et al.; Talanta 237, 122929 (2022), Abstract
LC-MS/MS Validation and Quantification of Cyanotoxins in Algal Food Supplements from the Belgium Market and Their Molecular Origins: W.H.R. Van Hassel, et al.; Toxins 14, 513 (2022), Abstract
Confirmation Using Triple Quadrupole and High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry of a Fatal Canine Neurotoxicosis following Exposure to Anatoxins at an Inland Reservoir: A.D. Turner, et al.; Toxins 14, 804 (2022), Abstract
Lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) for the detection of lethal amatoxins from mushrooms: C.S. Beyer, et al.; PLoS One 15, E0231781 (2020), Abstract — Full Text
Phosphorylated Lamin A/C in the nuclear interior binds active enhancers associated with abnormal transcription in progeria: K. Ikegami, et al.; Dev. Cell 52, 699 (2020), Abstract — Full Text
Uptake and accumulation of Microcystin-LR based on exposure through drinking water: An animal model assessing the human health risk: B. Greer, et al.; Sci. Rep. 8, 4913 (2018), Abstract — Full Text