TLR4 activator
- Potent activator of TLR 4
- TLR4-specific activation as shown in TLR4-deficient cells
- Convenient and stable ready-to-use solution
- Highly cited
TLRGRADE® LPS is commonly used to active TLR4, trigger inflammatory signaling, and co-stimulate the immune response, both in vitro and in vivo.
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Product Details
Alternative Name |
Lipopolysaccharide from E. coli, Serotype EH100(Ra) |
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Appearance |
Clear colorless liquid. |
Couple Target |
TLR, TLR4 |
Couple Type |
Activator, Ligand |
Formulation |
Liquid. Sterile, ready-to-use solution in double distilled, pyrogen-free water. |
Purity |
Absence of detectable protein or DNA contaminants with agonistic TLR activity. |
Source |
Rough (R)-form LPS isolated and purified from E. coli EH100 (Ra-mutant) by a modification of the PCP extraction method, converted to the uniform sodium salt form and dissolved in sterile pyrogen-free double distilled water. |
Handling & Storage
Use/Stability |
As indicated on product label or CoA when stored as recommended. Stable for at least 1 year after receipt when stored at +4°C. |
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Handling |
Do not ingest. Wear gloves and mask when handling this product! Avoid contact through all modes of exposure. LPS compounds are highly pyrogenic. Avoid accidental injection; extreme care should be taken when handling in conjunction with hypodermic syringes. Use must be restricted to qualified personnel. |
Long Term Storage |
+4°C |
Shipping |
Ambient Temperature |
Regulatory Status |
RUO – Research Use Only |
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- Mitochondrial respiratory complex III sustains IL-10 production in activated macrophages and promotes tumor-mediated immune evasion: Zotta, A., Toller-Kawahisa, J. E., et al.; Sci. Adv. 11, eadq7307 (2025), Abstract
- Endogenous SLPI contributes to the regulation of inflammatory responses in peritoneal macrophages by modulating MMP-9 production: Tyshchenko, M., Pocałuń, N., et al.; Front. Immunol. 16, 1563845 (2025), Abstract
- Metabolic reprogramming of macrophages by PKM2 promotes IL-10 production via adenosine: Toller-Kawahisa, J. E., Viacava, P. R., et al.; Cell Rep. 44, 115172 (2025), Abstract
- An integrative epigenome-based strategy for unbiased functional profiling of clinical kinase inhibitors: Gualdrini, F., Rizzieri, S., et al.; Mol. Syst. Biol. 20, 626 (2024), Abstract
- Acetyl-CoA production by Mediator-bound 2-ketoacid dehydrogenases boosts de novo histone acetylation and is regulated by nitric oxide: Russo, M., Gualdrini, F., et al.; Mol. Cell 84, 967 (2024), Abstract
- Novel Morphological Profiling Assay Connects ex Vivo Endothelial Cell Responses to Disease Severity in Liver Cirrhosis: Postma, R. J., Broekhoven, A. G. C., et al.; Gastro. Hep. Adv. 3, 238 (2024), Abstract
- SARM1 regulates pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in human monocytes by NADase-dependent and -independent mechanisms: Sugisawa, R., Shanahan, K. A., et al.; iScience 27, 109940 (2024), Abstract
- Dexamethasone impairs the expression of antimicrobial mediators in lipopolysaccharide-activated primary macrophages by inhibiting both expression and function of interferon β: O’Neil, J. D., Bolimowska, O. O., et al.; Front. Immunol. 14, 1190261 (2023), Abstract
- Apis mellifera anatoliaca Venom Exerted Anti-Inflammatory Activity on LPS-Stimulated Mammalian Macrophages by Reducing the Production of the Inflammatory Cytokines: S. Sevin, et al.; Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 195, 3194 (2023), Abstract
- Dimethyl fumarate and 4-octyl itaconate are anticoagulants that suppress Tissue Factor in macrophages via inhibition of Type I Interferon: Ryan, T. A. J., Hooftman, A., et al.; Nat. Commun. 14, 3513 (2023), Abstract
- The glucocorticoid dexamethasone impairs the expression of anti-viral mediators in activated macrophages by inhibiting both expression and function of interferon β: O’Neil, J. D., Bolimowska, O. O., et al.; bioRxiv , (2023)
- Preferential production and secretion of the complement regulator factor H-like protein 1 (FHL-1) by human myeloid cells: M.F. van Essen, et al.; Immunobiology 228, 152364 (2023), Abstract
- Viral sensing by epithelial cells involves PKR- and caspase-3-dependent generation of gasdermin E pores: C. Guy, et al.; iScience 26, 107698 (2023), Abstract
- Lipid-associated macrophages transition to an inflammatory state in human atherosclerosis increasing the risk of cerebrovascular complications: Dib, L., Koneva, L. A., et al.; Nat. Cardiovasc. Res. 2, 656 (2023), Abstract
- Smooth muscle cell specific NEMO deficiency inhibits atherosclerosis in ApoE−/− mice: T. Imai, et al.; Sci. Rep. 12, 12538 (2022), Abstract — Full Text
- H3K9 trimethylation in active chromatin restricts the usage of functional CTCF sites in SINE B2 repeats: F. Gualdrini, et al.; Genes Dev. 36, 414 (2022), Abstract — Full Text
- Exposure modality influences viral kinetics but not respiratory outcome of COVID-19 in multiple nonhuman primate species: A. Fears, et al.; PLoS Pathog. 18, e1010618 (2022), Abstract — Full Text
- Mouse innate-like B-1 lymphocytes promote inhaled particle-induced in vitro granuloma formation and inflammation in conjunction with macrophages: L. Hiéronimus, et al.; Arch. Toxicol. 96, 585 (2022), Abstract
- RNPS1 inhibits excessive tumor necrosis factor/tumor necrosis factor receptor signaling to support hematopoiesis in mice: X. Zhong, et al.; PNAS 119, e2200128119 (2022), Abstract
- Intralesional TLR4 agonist treatment strengthens the organ defense against colonizing cancer cells in the brain: R. Blazquez, et al.; Oncogene 41, 5008 (2022), Abstract
- MK2 Inhibitors as a Potential Crohn’s Disease Treatment Approach for Regulating MMP Expression, Cleavage of Checkpoint Molecules and T Cell Activity: E.J. Lebish, et al.; Pharmaceuticals 15, 1508 (2022), Abstract
- Mannheimia haemolytica Negatively Affects Bovine Herpesvirus Type 1.1 Replication Capacity In Vitro: C.A. Cowick, et al.; Microorganisms 10, 2158 (2022), Abstract
- Myeloid cell-driven nonregenerative pulmonary scarring is conserved in multiple nonhuman primate species regardless of SARS-CoV-2 infection modality: Fears, A. C., Beddingfield, B. J., et al.; bioRxiv , (2021)
- Signaling metabolite L-2-hydroxyglutarate activates the transcription factor HIF-1α in lipopolysaccharide-activated macrophages: N. Williams, et al.; J. Biol. Chem. 298, 101501 (2021), Abstract — Full Text
- NFAT5 amplifies antipathogen responses by enhancing chromatin accessibility, H3K27 demethylation, and transcription factor recruitment: G. Lunazzi, et al.; J. Immunol. 11, 2652 (2021), Abstract — Full Text
- Inflammation causes remodeling of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase mediated by the bifunctional gene C15orf48: S. Clayton, et al.; Sci. Adv. 7, eabl5182 (2021), Abstract — Full Text
- Extracellular succinate hyperpolarizes M2 macrophages through SUCNR1/GPR91-mediated Gq signaling: M. Trauelsen, et al.; Cell Rep. 35, 109246 (2021), Abstract
- Effects of vitamin D3 and meso-zeaxanthin on human retinal pigmented epithelial cells in three integrated in vitro paradigms of age-related macular degeneration: F. Lazzara, et al.; Front. Pharmacol. 12, 778165 (2021), Abstract — Full Text
- Dendritic cell-specific role for Pellino2 as a mediator of TLR9 signaling pathway: E. Oleszycka, et al.; J. Immunol. 9, 2325 (2021), Abstract — Full Text
- Caffeine protects against retinal inflammation: F. Conti, et al.; Front. Pharmacol. 12, 824885 (2021), Abstract — Full Text
- A PGE2-MEF2A axis enables context-dependent control of inflammatory gene expression: F. Cilenti, et al.; Immunity 54, 1665 (2021), Abstract — Full Text
- CRIg on liver macrophages clears pathobionts and protects against alcoholic liver disease: Y. Duan, et al.; Nat. Commun. 12, 7172 (2021), Abstract
- The immunomodulatory metabolite itaconate modifies NLRP3 and inhibits inflammasome activation: A. Hooftman, et al.; Cell Metab. 32, 468 (2020), Abstract — Full Text
- Autophosphorylation at serine 166 regulates RIP kinase 1-mediated cell death and inflammation: L. Laurien, et al.; Nat. Commun. 11, 1747 (2020), Abstract — Full Text
- The NLRP3 inhibitor MCC950 inhibits IL-1β production in PBMC from 19 patients with Cryopyrin-Associated Periodic Syndrome and in 2 patients with Schnitzler’s Syndrome: Corcoran, S. E., Hafner-Bratkovič, I., et al.; Wellcome Open Res. , (2020)
- Glutathione transferase Omega-1 regulates NLRP3 inflammasome activation through NEK7 deglutathionylation: M. Hughes, et al.; Cell Rep. 29, 151 (2019), Abstract
- Escalating threat levels of bacterial infection can be discriminated by distinct MAPK and NF-κB signaling dynamics in single host cells: K. Lane, et al.; Cell Syst. 8, 183 (2019), Abstract
- A20 prevents inflammasome-dependent arthritis by inhibiting macrophage necroptosis through its ZnF7 ubiquitin-binding domain: A.Polykratis, et al.; Nat. Cell Biol. 6, 731 (2019), Abstract
- The E3 ubiquitin ligase Pellino2 mediates priming of the NLRP3 inflammasome: F. Humphries, et al.; Nat. Commun. 9, 1560 (2018), Abstract — Full Text
- Screening for Novel Endogenous Inflammatory Stimuli Using the Secreted Embryonic Alkaline Phosphatase NF-κB Reporter Assay: Zuliani-Alvarez, L., Piccinini, A. M., et al.; Bio Protoc. 7, (2017), Abstract
- Measuring Signaling and RNA-Seq in the Same Cell Links Gene Expression to Dynamic Patterns of NF-κB Activation: Lane, K., Van Valen, D., et al.; Cell Syst. 4, 458 (2017), Abstract
- TNF regulates transcription of NLRP3 inflammasome components and inflammatory molecules in cryopyrinopathies: McGeough, M. D., Wree, A., et al.; J. Clin. Invest. 127, 4488 (2017), Abstract
- Gain-of-function mutation of tristetraprolin impairs negative feedback control of macrophages in vitro, yet has overwhelmingly anti-inflammatory consequences in vivo: J.D. O’Neil, et al.; Mol. Cell. Biol. 37, e00536 (2017), Abstract — Full Text
- Pyruvate kinase M2 regulates Hif-1α activity and IL-1β induction and is a critical determinant of the warburg effect in LPS-activated macrophages: E.M. Palsson-McDermott, et al.; Cell Metab. 21, 65 (2015), Application(s): Size Exclusion Chromatography, Western Blotting, Abstract — Full Text
- HIV-1 gp120 influences the expression of microRNAs in human monocyte-derived dendritic cells via STAT3 activation: A. Masotti, et al.; BMC Genomics 16, 480 (2015), Application(s): Cell Culture, Abstract — Full Text
- Activation of TLR4 signaling promotes gastric cancer progression by inducing mitochondrial ROS production: X. Yuan, et al.; Cell Death Dis. 4, e794 (2013), Abstract — Full Text
- CD200 fusion protein decreases microglial activation in the hippocampus of aged rats: F.F. Cox, et al.; Brain Behav. Immun. 26, 789 (2012), Abstract
- CD14 and TRIF govern distinct responsiveness and responses in mouse microglial TLR4 challenges by structural variants of LPS: T. Regen, et al.; Brain Behav. Immun. 25, 957 (2011), Abstract
- Toll-like Receptor 2 Signaling in CD4(+) T Lymphocytes Promotes T Helper 17 Responses and Regulates the Pathogenesis of Autoimmune Disease: J.M. Reynolds, et al.; Immunity 32, 692 (2010), Abstract
- Inhibitors of p38 suppress cytokine production in rheumatoid arthritis synovial membranes: does variable inhibition of interleukin-6 production limit effectiveness in vivo?: T.H. Page, et al.; Arthritis Rheum. 62, 3221 (2010), Abstract
- Suppression of interleukin-33 bioactivity through proteolysis by apoptotic caspases: A. U. Lüthi, et al.; Immunity 31, 84 (2009), Abstract
- TRIL, a Functional Component of the TLR4 Signaling Complex, Highly Expressed in Brain: S.Carpenter, et al.; J. Immunol. 183, 3989 (2009), Abstract
- Lipopolysaccharide elicits expression of immune-related genes in the silkworm, Bombyx mori: H. Tanaka, et al.; Insect Mol. Biol. 18, 71 (2009), Abstract
- Inflammasome-mediated disease animal models reveal roles for innate but not adaptive immunity: S.D. Brydges, et al.; Immunity 30, 875 (2009), Abstract
- MyD88 adaptor-like is not essential for TLR2 signaling and inhibits signaling by TLR3: E. F. Kenny, et al.; J. Immunol. 183, 3642 (2009), Abstract
- Interleukin-1 and IL-23 induce innate IL-17 production from gammadelta T cells, amplifying Th17 responses and autoimmunity: C.E. Sutton, et al.; Immunity 31, 331 (2009), Abstract
- Interleukin-17-producing gammadelta T cells selectively expand in response to pathogen products and environmental signals: B. Martin, et al.; Immunity 31, 321 (2009), Abstract
- R-form LPS, the master key to the activation ofTLR4/MD-2-positive cells: M. Huber, et al.; Eur. J. Immunol. 36, 701 (2006), Abstract
- Isolation and purification of R-form lipopolysaccharides: C. Galanos & O. Lüderitz; Methods in Carbohydrate Chemistry 9, 11 (1993), Abstract
- Electrodialysis of lipopolysaccharides and their conversion to uniform salt forms: C. Galanos & O. Lüderitz; Eur. J. Biochem. 54, 603 (1975), Abstract
- A new method for the extraction of R lipopolysaccharides: C. Galanos, et al.; Eur. J. Biochem. 9, 245 (1969), Abstract
Resources
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