DiI, DiO, DiD and DiR dyes are a family of lipophilic fluorescent stains for labeling membranes and other hydrophobic structures. The fluorescence of these environmentsensitive dyes is greatly enhanced when incorporated into membranes or bound to lipophilic biomolecules such as proteins although they are weakly fluorescent in water. Once applied to cells, these dyes diffuse laterally within the cellular plasma membranes, resulting in even staining of the entire cell at their optimal concentrations. The carbocyanine dye DiIC1(5) has been used to measure mitochondrial membrane potential in apoptotic cells with a loss in membrane potential reflected in a loss in fluorescence signal in the infrared channel. Wavelength Maxima: Excitation 638nm, Emission 658nm
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