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Major metabolite of clozapine
- High purity
- Active in vitroand in vivo
- Possesses little-to-no activity at 5-HT receptors
Clozapine N-oxide (CNO) is a major metabolite of clozapine (Prod. No. BML-D107). CNO activates designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADDs) that are derived from human muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (M1-5D receptors).
Clozapine is an antipsychotic medication used in the treatment of schizophrenia, and is also sometimes used off-label for the treatment of bipolar disorder and borderline personality disorder. It is on the World Health Organization’s List of Essential Medicines, a list of the most important medication needed in a basic health system.
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Product Details
| Alternative Name |
CNO |
|---|---|
| Appearance |
Yellow solid. |
| CAS |
34233-69-7 |
| Formula |
C18H19ClN4O |
| Formulation |
Contains 1 equivalent of methanol. |
| MW |
342.8 |
| Purity |
≥99% (HPLC) |
| Solubility |
Soluble in water (5mg/ml). |
| Source |
Synthetic. |
Handling & Storage
| Use/Stability |
As indicated on product label or CoA when stored as recommended. |
|---|---|
| Long Term Storage |
Ambient |
| Shipping |
Ambient Temperature |
| Regulatory Status |
RUO – Research Use Only |
|---|
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- Adult-born granule cells facilitate remapping of spatial and non-spatial representations in the dentate gyrus: Tuncdemir, S. N., Grosmark, A. D., et al.; Neuron 111, 4024 (2023), Abstract
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- Adolescent sleep shapes social novelty preference in mice: W. Bian, et al.; Nat. Neurosci. 25, 912 (2022), Abstract — Full Text
- An inter-organ neural circuit for appetite suppression: T. Zhang, et al.; Cell 185, 2478 (2022), Abstract
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- Developmental stage-specific spontaneous activity contributes to callosal axon projections: Y. Tezuka, et al.; Elife 11, e72435 (2022), Abstract — Full Text
- Dissecting a disynaptic central amygdala-parasubthalamic nucleus neural circuit that mediates cholecystokinin-induced eating suppression: M. Rodriguez Sanchez, et al.; Mol. Metab. 58, 101443 (2022), Abstract — Full Text
- Global and subtype-specific modulation of cortical inhibitory neurons regulated by acetylcholine during motor learning: C. Ren, et al.; Neuron 110, 2334 (2022), Abstract
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- Impact of somatostatin interneurons on interactions between barrels in plasticity induced by whisker deprivation: G. Dobrzanski, et al.; Sci. Rep. 12, 17992 (2022), Abstract — Full Text
- Inhibition of Trpv4 rescues circuit and social deficits unmasked by acute inflammatory response in a Shank3 mouse model of autism: S. Tzanoulinou, et al.; Mol. Psychiatry 27, 2080 (2022), Abstract — Full Text
- Learning-induced plasticity in the barrel cortex is disrupted by inhibition of layer 4 somatostatin-containing interneurons: G. Dobrzanski, et al.; Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Cell Res. 1869, 119146 (2022), Abstract
- Social touch-like tactile stimulation activates a tachykinin 1-oxytocin pathway to promote social interactions: H. Yu, et al.; Neuron 110, 1051 (2022), Abstract
- Striatal D1 dopamine neuronal population dynamics in a rat model of levodopa-induced dyskinesia: S. Gao, et al.; Front. Aging Neurosci. 14, 783893 (2022), Abstract — Full Text
- The gut-to-brain axis for toxin-induced defensive responses: Z. Xie, et al.; Cell 185, 4298 (2022), Abstract
- Enniatins A1 and B1 alter calcium homeostasis of neuronal cells leading to apoptotic death: N.P. Fuentes, et al.; Food Chem. Toxicol. 168, 113361 (2022), Abstract
- Tyrosine hydroxylase gene promoter activity is upregulated in female catecholaminergic neuroblastoma cells following activation of a Gαq-coupled designer receptor: H. Eriksson, et al.; Neurochem. Int. 160, 105407 (2022), Abstract
- Reward expectation extinction restructures and degrades CA1 spatial maps through loss of a dopaminergic reward proximity signal: S. Krishnan, et al.; Nat. Commun. 13, 6662 (2022), Abstract
- Central extended amygdala neurons in the development of activity-based anorexia: Schnapp, W. I., Kim, J., et al.; bioRxiv , (2022)
- Cooling-activated dorsomedial hypothalamic BDNF neurons control cold defense in mice: Zhou, Q., Liu, C., et al.; J. Neurochem. 163, 220 (2022), Abstract
- Stress deficits in reward behaviour are associated with and replicated by dysregulated amygdala-nucleus accumbens pathway function: Madur, L., Ineichen, C., et al.; Research Square , (2022)
- Networks of habenula-projecting cortical neurons regulate cocaine seeking: V.P. Mathis, et al.; Sci. Adv. 7, eabj2225 (2021), Abstract
- A central role for anterior cingulate cortex in the control of pathological aggression: S. van Heukelum, et al.; Curr. Biol. 31, 2321 (2021), Abstract
- A synaptic temperature sensor for body cooling: G.B. Kamm, et al.; Neuron 109, 3283 (2021), Abstract — Full Text
- Adult-born neurons immature during learning are necessary for remote memory reconsolidation in rats: M. Lods, et al.; Nat. Commun. 12, 1778 (2021), Abstract — Full Text
- Bidirectional regulation of cognitive and anxiety-like behaviors by dentate gyrus mossy cells in male and female mice: J.J. Boterill, et al.; J. Neurosci. 41, 2475 (2021), Abstract — Full Text
- Cellular, circuit and transcriptional framework for modulation of itch in the central amygdala: V.K. Samineni, et al.; Elife 10, e68130 (2021), Abstract — Full Text
- Chemogenetic stimulation of proprioceptors remodels lumbar interneuron excitability and promotes motor recovery after SCI: Z. Gao, et al.; Mol. Ther. 29, 2483 (2021), Abstract — Full Text
- Efficient optogenetic silencing of neurotransmitter release with a mosquito rhodopsin: M. Mahn, et al.; Neuron 109, 1621 (2021), Abstract — Full Text
- Extended amygdala-parabrachial circuits alter threat assessment and regulate feeding: A.T. Luskin, et al.; Sci. Adv. 7, eabd3666 (2021), Abstract — Full Text
- Flexible scaling and persistence of social vocal communication: J. Chen, et al.; Nature 593, 108 (2021), Abstract — Full Text
- Host interneurons mediate plasticity reactivated by embryonic inhibitory cell transplantation in mouse visual cortex: X.T. Zheng, et al.; Nat. Commun. 12, 862 (2021), Abstract — Full Text
- Human stem cell-derived neurons repair circuits and restore neural function: M. Xiong, et al.; Cell Stem Cell 28, 112 (2021), Abstract — Full Text
- Improving hindlimb locomotor function by Non-invasive AAV-mediated manipulations of propriospinal neurons in mice with complete spinal cord injury: B. Brommer, et al.; Nat. Commun. 12, 781 (2021), Abstract — Full Text
- Mechanical allodynia circuitry in the dorsal horn is defined by the nature of the injury: C. Peirs, et al.; Neuron 109, 73 (2021), Abstract — Full Text
- Microglia modulate stable wakefulness via the thalamic reticular nucleus in mice: H. Liu, et al.; Nat. Commun. 12, 4646 (2021), Abstract — Full Text
- Noncanonical projections to the hippocampal CA3 regulate spatial learning and memory by modulating the feedforward hippocampal trisynaptic pathway: X. Lin, et al.; PLoS Biol. 19, e3001127 (2021), Abstract — Full Text
- Parvalbumin interneuron inhibition onto anterior insula neurons projecting to the basolateral amygdala drives aversive taste memory retrieval: A. Yiannakas, et al.; Curr. Biol. 31, 2770 (2021), Abstract
- Reprogramming reactive glia into interneurons reduces chronic seizure activity in a mouse model of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy: C. Lentini, et al.; Cell Stem Cell 28, 2104 (2021), Abstract — Full Text
- Silencing and stimulating the medial amygdala impairs ejaculation but not sexual incentive motivation in male rats: P.T. Huijgens, et al.; Behav. Brain Res. 405, 113206 (2021), Abstract
- Trigeminal nerve electrical stimulation: An effective arousal treatment for loss of consciousness: Y. Zheng, et al.; Brain Res. Bull. 169, 81 (2021), Abstract
- Ventral pallidum DRD3 potentiates a pallido-habenular circuit driving accumbal dopamine release and cocaine seeking: H. Pribiag, et al.; Neuron 109, 2165 (2021), Abstract — Full Text
- Side-by-side comparison of the effects of Gq- and Gi-DREADD-mediated astrocyte modulation on intracellular calcium dynamics and synaptic plasticity in the hippocampal CA1: Y. Van Den Herrewegen, et al.; Mol. Brain 14, 144 (2021), Abstract
- Chemogenetic Activation of CX3CR1-Expressing Spinal Microglia Using Gq-DREADD Elicits Mechanical Allodynia in Male Mice: F. Saika, et al.; Cells 10, 874 (2021), Abstract
- Microbiota regulate social behaviour via stress response neurons in the brain: W. L. Wu, et al.; Nature 595, 409 (2021), Abstract
- Glucocorticoids Promote Fear Generalization by Increasing the Size of a Dentate Gyrus Engram Cell Population: S.L. Lesuis, et al.; Biol. Psychiatry 90, 494 (2021), Abstract
- A Novel Microcontroller-Based System for the Wheel-Running Activity in Mice: Zhu, M., Kasaragod, D. K., et al.; eNeuro 8, (2021), Abstract
- An endogenous opioid circuit determines state-dependent reward consumption: Castro, D. C., Oswell, C. S., et al.; Nature 598, 646 (2021), Abstract
- Dorsomedial hypothalamic BDNF neurons integrate thermal afferent signals to control energy expenditure: Zhou, Q., Bian, H., et al.; bioRxiv , (2021)
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- A neural circuit mechanism for mechanosensory feedback control of ingestion: D. Kim, et al.; Nature 580, 376 (2020), Abstract
- A sparse, spatially biased subtype of mature granule cell dominates recruitment in hippocampal-associated behaviors: S.R. Erwin, et al.; Cell Rep. 31, 107551 (2020), Abstract
- A vagal-NTS neural pathway that stimulates feeding: J. Chen, et al.; Curr. Biol. 30, 3986 (2020), Abstract
- A ventrolateral medulla-midline thalamic circuit for hypoglycemic feeding: B. Sofia Beas, et al.; Nat. Commun. 11, 6218 (2020), Abstract — Full Text
- Activity-dependent plasticity of axo-axonic synapses at the axon initial segment: A. Pan-Vazquez, et al.; Neuron 106, 265 (2020), Abstract — Full Text
- An operant conditioning model combined with a chemogenetic approach to study the neurobiology of food addiction in mice: E. Martin-Garcia, et al.; Bio Protoc. 10, e3777 (2020), Abstract — Full Text
- Causal link between n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid deficiency and motivation deficits: F. Ducrocq, et al.; Cell Metab. 31, 755 (2020), Abstract
- Cell-type-specific control of basolateral amygdala neuronal circuits via entorhinal cortex-driven feedforward inhibition: E.M. Guthman, et al.; Elife 9, e50601 (2020), Abstract — Full Text
- Cortico-amygdala interaction determines the insular cortical neurons involved in taste memory retrieval: K. Abe, et al.; Mol. Brain 13, 107 (2020), Abstract — Full Text
- IL-17a promotes sociability in mouse models of neurodevelopmental disorders: M.D. Reed, et al.; Nature 577, 249 (2020), Abstract — Full Text
- Neuronal activity regulates blood-brain barrier efflux transport through endothelial circadian genes: R.S. Pulido, et al.; Neuron 108, 937 (2020), Abstract — Full Text
- Opposite control of excitatory and inhibitory synapse formation by slitrk2 and slitrk5 on dopamine neurons modulates hyperactivity behavior: C. Salesse, et al.; Cell Rep. 30, 2374 (2020), Abstract
- Orchestrating opiate-associated memories in thalamic circuits: P.C. Keyes, et al.; Neuron 107, 1113 (2020), Abstract — Full Text
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- Pull-push neuromodulation of cortical plasticity enables rapid bi-directional shifts in ocular dominance: S.Z. Hong, et al.; Elife 9, e54455 (2020), Abstract — Full Text
- Sex-specific role for the long non-coding RNA LINC00473 in depression: O. Issler, et al.; Neuron 106, 912 (2020), Abstract — Full Text
- Specific hypothalamic neurons required for sensing conspecific male cues relevant to inter-male aggression: A. Chen, et al.; Neuron 108, 763 (2020), Abstract
- Targeting inhibitory cerebellar circuitry to alleviate behavioral deficits in a mouse model for studying idiopathic autism: O.Y. Chao, et al.; Neuropsychopharmacology 45, 1159 (2020), Abstract — Full Text
- Visual sequences drive experience-dependent plasticity in mouse anterior cingulate cortex: M.S. Sidorov, et al.; Cell Rep. 32, 108152 (2020), Abstract — Full Text
- VMHvl-projecting Vglut1+ neurons in the posterior amygdala gate territorial aggression: X. Zha, et al.; Cell Rep. 31, 107517 (2020), Abstract
- Neurons promote encephalitogenic CD4+ lymphocyte infiltration in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: Y. Nakazato, et al.; Sci. Rep. 10, 7354 (2020), Abstract — Full Text
- Excitation of prefrontal cortical neurons during conditioning enhances fear memory formation: N. Shibuno, et al.; Sci. Rep. 10, 8613 (2020), Abstract — Full Text
- Intrinsic braking role of descending locus coeruleus noradrenergic neurons in acute and chronic itch in mice: K. Koga, et al.; Mol. Brain 13, 144 (2020), Abstract — Full Text
- The mammalian circadian pacemaker regulates wakefulness via CRF neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus: D. Ono, et al.; Sci. Adv. 6, eabd0384 (2020), Abstract — Full Text
- Postprandial Hyperglycemia Stimulates Neuroglial Plasticity in Hypothalamic POMC Neurons after a Balanced Meal: D. Nuzzaci, et al.; Cell Rep. 30, 3067 (2020), Abstract
- Early life experiences selectively mature learning and memory abilities: B. Bessieres, et al.; Nat. Commun. 11, 628 (2020), Abstract — Full Text
- Control of Orienting Movements and Locomotion by Projection-Defined Subsets of Brainstem V2a Neurons: G. Usseglio, et al.; Curr. Biol. 30, 4665 (2020), Abstract
- Presynaptic dysregulation of the paraventricular thalamic nucleus causes depression-like behavior: T.M. Kato, et al.; Sci. Rep. 9, 16506 (2019), Abstract — Full Text
- Convergent neural connectivity in motor impulsivity and high-fat food binge-like eating in male Sprague-Dawley rats: NC. Anastasio, et al.; Neuropsychopharmacology 44, 1752 (2019), Abstract
- Anterior insula activity regulates the associated behaviors of high fat food binge intake and cue reactivity in male rats: AE. Price, et al.; Appetite 133, 231 (2019), Abstract
- GABA neurons in the ventral tegmental area regulate non-rapid eye movement sleep in mice: S. Chowdhury, et al.; Elife 8, e44532 (2019), Abstract — Full Text
- A bed nucleus of stria terminalis microcircuit regulating inflammation-associated modulation of feeding: Y. Wang, et al.; Nat. Commun. 10, 2769 (2019), Abstract — Full Text
- An Excitatory and Epileptogenic Effect of Dentate Gyrus Mossy Cells in a Mouse Model of Epilepsy: Botterill, J. J., Lu, Y. L., et al.; Cell Rep. 29, 2875 (2019), Abstract
- Defined Cell Types in Superior Colliculus Make Distinct Contributions to Prey Capture Behavior in the Mouse: Hoy, J. L., Bishop, H. I., et al.; Curr. Biol. 29, 4130 (2019), Abstract
- Dissociating orexin-dependent and -independent functions of orexin neurons using novel Orexin-Flp knock-in mice: Chowdhury, S., Hung, C. J., et al.; Elife 8, (2019), Abstract
- Interhemispheric Connectivity Potentiates the Basolateral Amygdalae and Regulates Social Interaction and Memory: Huang, T. N., Hsu, T. T., et al.; Cell Rep. 29, 34 (2019), Abstract
- Limbic Neurons Shape Sex Recognition and Social Behavior in Sexually Naive Males: Bayless, D. W., Yang, T., et al.; Cell 176, 1190 (2019), Abstract
- Neurovascular Coupling in the Dentate Gyrus Regulates Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis: Shen, J., Wang, D., et al.; Neuron 103, 878 (2019), Abstract
- Periodic Remodeling in a Neural Circuit Governs Timing of Female Sexual Behavior: Inoue, S., Yang, R., et al.; Cell 179, 1393 (2019), Abstract
- Reward Inhibits Paraventricular CRH Neurons to Relieve Stress: Yuan, Y., Wu, W., et al.; Curr. Biol. 29, 1243 (2019), Abstract
- Transient Deregulation of Canonical Wnt Signaling in Developing Pyramidal Neurons Leads to Dendritic Defects and Impaired Behavior: Viale, B., Song, L., et al.; Cell Rep. 27, 1487 (2019), Abstract
- Insular and ventrolateral orbitofrontal cortices differentially contribute to goal-directed behaviour in rodents: S. L. Parkes, et al.; Cereb. Cortex 28, 2313 (2018), Abstract
- Inhibitory Control of Prefrontal Cortex by the Claustrum: J. Jackson, et al.; Neuron 5, 1029 (2018), Abstract — Full Text
- CREB controls cortical circuit plasticity and functional recovery after stroke: L. Caracciolo, et al.; Nat. Commun. 9, 2250 (2018), Abstract — Full Text
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- Brainstem control of urethral sphincter relaxation and scent marking behavior: Keller, J., Chen, J., et al.; bioRxiv , (2018)
- Neuronal Glutamate Transporters Control Dopaminergic Signaling and Compulsive Behaviors: Bellini, S., Fleming, K. E., et al.; J. Neurosci. 38, 937 (2018), Abstract
- The Neuropeptide Tac2 Controls a Distributed Brain State Induced by Chronic Social Isolation Stress: Zelikowsky, M., Hui, M., et al.; Cell 173, 1265 (2018), Abstract
- Voluntary urination control by brainstem neurons that relax the urethral sphincter: Keller, J., Chen, J., et al.; Nat. Neurosci. 21, 1229 (2018), Abstract
- Deconstruction of Corticospinal Circuits for Goal-Directed Motor Skills: X. Wang, et al.; Cell 2, 440 (2017), Abstract — Full Text
- Integrated Control of Predatory Hunting by the Central Nucleus of the Amygdala: W. Han, et al.; Cell 1-Feb, 311 (2017), Abstract — Full Text
- Parvalbumin and Somatostatin Interneurons Control Different Space-Coding Networks in the Medial Entorhinal Cortex: C. Miao, et al.; Cell 3, 507 (2017), Abstract — Full Text
- A Central Catecholaminergic Circuit Controls Blood Glucose Levels during Stress: Zhao, Z., Wang, L., et al.; Neuron 95, 138 (2017), Abstract
- An Inhibitory Septum to Lateral Hypothalamus Circuit That Suppresses Feeding: P. Sweeney & Y. Yang; J. Neurosci. 36, 11185 (2016), Abstract
- Single and Transient Ca2+ Peaks in Podocytes do not induce Changes in Glomerular Filtration and Perfusion: S. Koehler, et al.; Sci. Rep. 6, 35400 (2016), Application(s): Western blot, Immortalized mouse podocytes; Mouse injections, Abstract — Full Text
- The integrative role of orexin/hypocretin neurons in nociceptive perception and analgesic regulation: A. Inutsuka, et al.; Sci. Rep. 6, 29480 (2016), Application(s): Drugs and pharmacogenetic drug administration, Abstract — Full Text
- Prostaglandin-dependent modulation of dopaminergic neurotransmission elicits inflammation-induced aversion in mice: Fritz, M., Klawonn, A. M., et al.; J. Clin. Invest. 126, 695 (2016), Abstract
- Pharmacogenetic stimulation of cholinergic pedunculopontine neurons reverses motor deficits in a rat model of Parkinson’s disease: I.S. Pienaar, et al.; Mol. Neurodegener. 10, 47 (2015), Application(s): In vivo, Abstract — Full Text
- Muscarinic excitation of parvalbumin-positive interneurons contributes to the severity of pilocarpine-induced seizures: F. Yi, et al.; Epilepsia 56, 297 (2015), Abstract
- Hypothalamic Agrp neurons drive stereotypic behaviors beyond feeding: Dietrich, M. O., Zimmer, M. R., et al.; Cell 160, 1222 (2015), Abstract
- CREB Regulates Memory Allocation in the Insular Cortex: Y. Sano, et al.; Curr. Biol. 24, 2833 (2014), Abstract
- Direct excitation of parvalbumin-positive interneurons by M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors: roles in cellular excitability, inhibitory transmission and cognition: F. Yi, et al.; J. Physiol. 592, 3463 (2014), Abstract
- Activation and inhibition of transient receptor potential TRPM3-induced gene transcription: A. Lesch, et al.; Br. J. Pharmacol. 171, 2645 (2014), Abstract
- Chemogenetic silencing of neurons in retrosplenial cortex disrupts sensory preconditioning: S. Robinson, et al.; J. Neurosci. 34, 10982 (2014), Abstract
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 5 in the Ventral Tegmental Area Regulates Depression-Related Behaviors: P. Zhong, et al.; J. Neurosci. 34, 6352 (2014), Abstract — Full Text
- Central amygdala PKC-δ(+) neurons mediate the influence of multiple anorexigenic signals: Cai, H., Haubensak, W., et al.; Nat. Neurosci. 17, 1240 (2014), Abstract
- Regulation of immediate-early gene transcription following activation of Gα(q)-coupled designer receptors: A. Kaufmann, et al.; J. Cell. Biochem. 114, 681 (2013), Abstract
- Small molecule inhibitors of the Candida albicans budded-to-hyphal transition act through multiple signaling pathways: J. Midkiff, et al.; PLoS One 6, e25395 (2011), Abstract — Full Text
- Developing chemical genetic approaches to explore G protein-coupled receptor function: validation of the use of a receptor activated solely by synthetic ligand (RASSL): E. Alvarez-Curto, et al.; Mol. Pharmacol. 80, 1033 (2011), Abstract — Full Text
- Decomposition of clozapine N-oxide in the qualitative and quantitative analysis of clozapine and its metabolites: G. Lin, etal.; J. Pharm. Sci. 83, 1412 (1994), Abstract
- Binding of typical and atypical antipsychotic agents to 5-hydroxytryptamine-6 and 5-hydroxytryptamine-7 receptors: B.L. Roth, et al.; J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 268, 1403 (1994), Abstract
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