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Widely described antibody against α-galactose residues with broad cross-reactivity among different species. Useful for measuring the α-Gal epitope expression on cells, glycolipids and glycoproteins, characterization of hyperacute rejection (HAR) in organ and tissue transplantations and monitoring xenotransplantation experiments. The IgM isotype mimicks in vivo reactions and can be used for cytotoxicity assays for α-Gal specific pathways (addition or presence of complement necessary). Ideal as a high-throughput screening tool for inhibitors of antibody induced cytotoxicity.
Organ transplantation from pig to human result in HAR. Humans naturally produce large quantities of anti-α-Gal antibodies, which represent 1-3% of all circulating immunoglobulins and are produced by about 1% of all B cells. When pig organs or tissues are transplanted into the human body, the IgM isotype of anti-Gal binds to α-Gal epitopes, which causes activation of the complement cascade, resulting in cell lysis. This rapid activation of complement by anti-Gal IgM is an immunological barrier that poses the greatest risk of initiating HAR. The monoclonal antibody M86 to Galα1-3Gal epitopes developed by U. Galili, et al. is an essential tool in the study of human xenotransplantation and related research.
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This antibody is covered by our Worry-Free Guarantee.
Product Details
| Alternative Name |
α-Galactose 1,3 |
|---|---|
| Application |
ELISA, Flow Cytometry, FUNC, IHC (PS), WB |
| Application Notes |
Functional Application: can be used for cytotoxicity assays for α-Gal specific pathways |
| Clone |
M86 |
| Crossreactivity |
Does not cross-react with β-Gal glycoproteins or BSA. |
| Formulation |
Liquid. Tissue culture supernatant. |
| Host |
Mouse |
| Immunogen |
Rabbit red blood cell membrane. |
| Isotype |
IgM |
| Recommendation Dilutions/Conditions |
Note: Do not use non-fat milk for blocking! Many blocking agents from non-human mammal sources will cross-react with the antibody.Appropriate antibody dilution may vary from lot to lot. An initial dilution of 1:5 is recommended.Suggested dilutions/conditions may not be available for all applications. Optimal conditions must be determined individually for each application. |
| Source |
Hybridoma tissue culture. |
| Species Reactivity |
Mouse, Porcine, Rat |
| Specificity |
Recognizes synthetic and naturally produced mouse, rat and pig Galα1-3Gal epitopes on glycoproteins and glycolipids. |
| Technical Info / Product Notes |
Cited samples: |
| Worry-free Guarantee |
This antibody is covered by our Worry-Free Guarantee. |
Handling & Storage
| Use/Stability |
Stable for at least 3 years when stored at -20°C. |
|---|---|
| Handling |
Avoid freeze/thaw cycles. After opening, prepare aliquots and store at -20°C. |
| Long Term Storage |
-20°C |
| Shipping |
Dry Ice |
| Regulatory Status |
RUO – Research Use Only |
|---|
- Protocol to decellularize porcine right ventricular outflow tracts using a 3D printed flow chamber: Harris, A. G., Schot, V., et al.; STAR Protoc. 5, 102899 (2024), Abstract
- Alpha-Gal Bound Aptamer and Vancomycin Synergistically Reduce Staphylococcus aureus Infection In Vivo: M.K. Doherty, et al.; Microorganisms 11, 1776 (2023), Abstract
- High levels of alpha-gal with large variation in the salivary glands of lone star ticks fed on human blood: L.P. Maldonado-Ruiz, et al.; Sci. Rep. 13, 21409 (2023), Abstract
- Development of a dual-component infection-resistant arterial replacement for small-caliber reconstructions: A proof-of-concept study.: Zia, S., Djalali-Cuevas, A., et al.; Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol. 11, 957458 (2023), Application(s): IHC, Abstract
- Optimal temperature for the long-term culture of adult porcine islets for xenotransplantation.: Sakata, N., Yoshimatsu, G., et al.; Front. Immunol. 14, 1280668 (2023), Application(s): FC/FACS, Abstract
- Identification of a second glycoform of the clinically prevalent O1 antigen from Klebsiella pneumoniae: Kelly, S. D., Ovchinnikova, O. G., et al.; PNAS 120, e2301302120 (2023), Abstract
- Preliminary study of improving immune tolerance in vivo of bioprosthetic heart valves through a novel antigenic removal method: Song, M., Yi, L., et al.; Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol. 11, 1141247 (2023), Abstract
- Injectable decellularized nucleus pulposus tissue exhibits neuroinhibitory properties: Piening, L. M., Lillyman, D. J., et al.; JOR Spine 5, e1187 (2022), Abstract
- Functional characterization of α-Gal producing lactic acid bacteria with potential probiotic properties: T. Bamgbose, et al.; Sci. Rep. 12, 7484 (2022), Abstract
- α-Gal present on both glycolipids and glycoproteins contributes to immune response in meat-allergic patients: N. Chakrapani, et al.; J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 150, 396 (2022), Abstract
- Assessment of the Safety and Efficacy of an Oral Probiotic-Based Vaccine Against Aspergillus Infection in Captive-Bred Humboldt Penguins (Spheniscus humboldti): M. Thorel, et al.; Front. Immunol. 13, 897223 (2022), Abstract
- Allergic response to medical products in patients with alpha-gal syndrome: K.V. Kuravi, et al.; J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. , (2021), Application(s): WB / Reactant(s) Pig, Abstract
- Probiotic Bacteria with High Alpha-Gal Content Protect Zebrafish against Mycobacteriosis: I. Pacheco, et al.; Pharmaceuticals 14, 635 (2021), Abstract
- Characterization of tick salivary gland and saliva alphagalactome reveals candidate alpha-gal syndrome disease biomarkers: M. Villar, et al.; Expert Rev. Proteomics 18, 1099 (2021), Abstract
- Growth hormone receptor knockout to reduce the size of donor pigs for preclinical xenotransplantation studies.: Hinrichs, A., Riedel, E. O., et al.; Xenotransplantation 28, e12664 (2021), Application(s): IHC, Abstract
- Immunological and functional features of decellularized xenogeneic heart valves after transplantation into GGTA1-KO pigs: Ramm, R., Goecke, T., et al.; Regen. Biomater. 8, rbab036 (2021), Abstract
- A Natural Xenogeneic Endometrial Extracellular Matrix Hydrogel Toward Improving Current Human in vitro Models and Future in vivo Applications: López-Martínez, S., Campo, H., et al.; Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol. 9, 639688 (2021), Abstract
- Alpha-Gal on the Protein Surface Hampers Transcytosis through the Caco-2 Monolayer: M.K. Ristivojevic, et al.; Int. J. Mol. Sci. 16, 5742 (2020), Abstract
- Transgenic goats producing an improved version of cetuximab in milk.: Laible, G., Cole, S., et al.; FASEB Bioadv. 2, 638 (2020), Application(s): WB, Abstract
- Ex-vivo recellularisation and stem cell differentiation of a decellularised rat dental pulp matrix.: Wilshaw, S. P., Esteves, F., et al.; Sci. Rep. 10, 21553 (2020), Application(s): IHC-IF / Reactant(s): Rat, Abstract
- Transgenic goats producing an improved version of cetuximab in milk: Laible, G., Cole, S., et al.; bioRxiv , (2020)
- A porcine acellular dermal matrix induces human fibroblasts to secrete hyaluronic acid by activating JAK2/STAT3 signalling: Liu, C., Sun, J., et al.; RSC Adv. 10, 18959 (2020), Abstract
- Vaccination With Alpha-Gal Protects Against Mycobacterial Infection in the Zebrafish Model of Tuberculosis: I. Pacheco, et al.; Vaccines (Basel) 8, 195 (2020), Abstract — Full Text
- A porcine xenograft‐derived bone scaffold is a biocompatible bone graft substitute: An assessment of cytocompatibility and the alpha‐Gal epitope: D.N. Bracey, et al.; Xenotransplantation 26, e12534 (2019), Application(s): IHC, Abstract
- Effects of gamma radiation sterilization on the structural and biological properties of decellularized corneal xenografts: M.M. Islam, et al.; Acta Biomater. 96, 330 (2019), Application(s): WB, Abstract
- Tick Bites Induce Anti-α-Gal Antibodies in Dogs: A. Hodzic, et al.; Vaccines 7, E114 (2019), Abstract
- Fully Human Immunoglobulin G From Transchromosomic Bovines Treats Nonhuman Primates Infected With Ebola Virus Makona Isolate.: Luke, T., Bennett, R. S., et al.; J. Infect. Dis. 218, S636 (2018), Application(s): ELISA / Reactant(s): Mouse, Abstract
- Biomaterial characterization of off-the-shelf decellularized porcine pericardial tissue for use in prosthetic valvular applications: J.A. Choe, et al.; J. Tissue Eng. Regen. Med. 12, 1608 (2018), Abstract — Full Text
- α-Gal on the protein surface affects uptake and degradation in immature monocyte derived dendritic cells: M.K. Ristivojevic; Sci. Rep. 8, 12684 (2018), Abstract — Full Text
- Gal epitope expression and immunological properties in iGb3S deficient mice: A. Shao, et al.; Sci. Rep. 8, 15433 (2018), Reactant(s) Mouse, Abstract — Full Text
- A standardized quantitative method for detecting remnant alpha-Gal antigen in animal tissues or animal tissue-derived biomaterials and its application: Y. Lu, et al.; Sci. Rep. 8, 15424 (2018), Abstract — Full Text
- Recellularization of a novel off-the-shelf valve following xenogenic implantation into the right ventricular outflow tract: R.S. Hennessy, et al.; PLoS One 12, e0181614 (2017), Application(s): IHC using porcine sample, Abstract — Full Text
- Alpha-gal is a possible target of IgE-mediated reactivity to antivenom: J. Fischer, et al.; Allergy 72, 764 (2017), Application(s): Western Blot using snake antivenoms, Abstract
- Xenoantigenicity of porcine decellularized valves.: Simari, R. D., Tefft, B. J., et al.; J. Cardiothorac. Surg. 12, 56 (2017), Reactant(s): Pig, Abstract
- Stem Cell-Based Tissue-Engineered Laryngeal Replacement.: Macneil, S., Birchall, M. A., et al.; Stem. Cells Transl. Med. 6, 677 (2017), Application(s): IHC / Reactant(s): Human, Abstract
- On the Automatic Decellularisation of Porcine Aortae: A Repeatability Study Using a Non-Enzymatic Approach: O’Connor Mooney, R., Davis, N. F., et al.; Cells Tissues Organs 201, 299 (2016), Abstract
- Efficient generation of GGTA1-null Diannan miniature pigs using TALENs combined with somatic cell nuclear transfer: W. Cheng, et al.; Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol. 14, 77 (2016), Application(s): WB, Abstract — Full Text
- In vivo xenogeneic scaffold fate is determined by residual antigenicity and extracellular matrix preservation: M.L. Wong, et al.; Biomaterials 92, 1 (2016), Application(s): Western blot, Abstract
- Feasibility of pig and human-derived aortic valve interstitial cells seeding on fixative-free decellularized animal pericardium: R. Santoro, et al.; J. Biomed. Mater. Res. B Appl. Biomater. 104, 345 (2016), Abstract
- Feasibility and safety of porcine Descemet’s membrane as a carrier for generating tissue-engineered corneal endothelium.: Hong, J., Diao, Y. M., et al.; Mol. Med. Rep. 12, 1929 (2015), Application(s): IHC / Reactant(s): Pig, Abstract
- No evidence for αGal epitope transfer from media containing FCS onto human endothelial cells in culture: Ramm, R., Hartmann, T., et al.; Xenotransplantation 22, 345 (2015), Abstract
- Novel human renal proximal tubular cell line for the production of complex proteins: L. Fliedl, et al.; J. Biotechnol. 176, 29 (2014), Application(s): Flow cytometry, Abstract
- Laminin γ‐1 and collagen α‐1 (VI) chain are galactose‐α‐1, 3‐galactose–bound allergens in beef: H. Takahashi, et al.; Allergy 69, 199 (2014), Abstract
- Immunoproteomics of processed beef proteins reveal novel galactose‐α‐1, 3‐galactose‐containing allergens: D. Apostolovic, et al.; Allergy 69, 1308 (2014), Abstract
- Possible role of a cell surface carbohydrate in evolution of resistance to viral infections in old world primates: I.A. Rodriguez, et al.; J. Virol. 87, 8317 (2013), Abstract
- Highly Efficient Generation of GGTA1 Biallelic Knockout Inbred Mini-Pigs with TALENs: J. Xin, et al.; PLoS One 8, e84250 (2013), Application(s): WB, Abstract — Full Text
- Stepwise solubilization-based antigen removal for xenogeneic scaffold generation in tissue engineering: M.L. Wong, et al.; Acta Biomater. 9, 6492 (2013), Application(s): IHC on bovine tissue, Abstract
- Anaphylaxis to pork kidney is related to IgE antibodies specific for galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose: M. Morisset, et al.; Allergy 67, 699 (2012), Abstract
- Complete absence of the αGal xenoantigen and isoglobotrihexosylceramide in α1,3galactosyltransferase knock-out pigs: Y.G.L. Puga, et al.; Xenotransplantation 19, 196 (2012), Application(s): Expression of Galα1,3Gal in pig aortic endothelial cells by flow and and in permeabilized by microscopy, Abstract — Full Text
- Generation of bioengineered corneas with decellularized xenografts and human keratocytes: M. Gonzalez-Andrades, et al.; Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 52, 215 (2011), Abstract — Full Text
- Brief report: a new profile of terminal N-acetyllactosamines glycans on pig red blood cells and different expression of alpha-galactose on Sika deer red blood cells and nucleated cells: Y. Tan, et al.; Glycoconj. J. 27, 427 (2010), Abstract
- The retention of extracellular matrix proteins and angiogenic and mitogenic cytokines in a decellularized porcine dermis: D.M. Hoganson, et al.; Biomaterials 31, 6730 (2010), Abstract
- First quantitative assay of alpha-Gal in soft tissues: presence and distribution of the epitope before and after cell removal from xenogeneic heart valves: F. Naso, et al.; Acta Biomater. 7, 1728 (2010), Abstract
- A novel method to display [gal alpha1, 3 gal] antigens on human leukemic cells for preparation of anti-leukemia vaccines: K.J. Posekany, et al.; Anticancer Res. 29, 2387 (2009), Abstract
- Increased immunogenicity of human immunodeficiency virus gp120 engineered to express Galalpha1-3Galbeta1-4GlcNAc-R epitopes: U. Abdel-Motal, et al.; J. Virol. 80, 6943 (2006), Abstract — Full Text
- Lack of Galactose-alpha-1,3-Galactose Expression on Porcine Endothelial Cells Prevents Complement-Induced Lysis but Not Direct Xenogeneic NK Cytotoxicity: B.C. Baumann, et al.; J. Immunol. 172, 6460 (2004), Abstract
- Differential expression of Galalpha1,3Gal epitopes on fetal and adult porcine hematopoietic cells: S. Gojo, et al.; Xenotransplantation 9, 297 (2002), Abstract — Full Text
- Expression of alpha-gal epitopes on HeLa cells transduced wtih adenovirus containing alpha-1,3galactosyltransferase cDNA: L. Deriy, et al.; Glycobiology 12, 135 (2002), Abstract
- Synthesis of α-gal epitopes (Galα1-3Galβ1-4GlcNAc-R) on human tumor cells by recombinant α1,3galactosyltransferase produced in Pichia pastoris: Z.C. Chen, et al.; Glycobiology 11, 577 (2001), Abstract — Full Text
- The alpha-gal epitope (Gal alpha 1-3Gal beta 1-4GlcNAc-R) in xenotransplantation: U. Galili; Biochimie 83, 557 (2001), Abstract
- Remodeling of the Major Pig Xenoantigen by N-Actetylglucosaminyltransferase III in Transgenic Pig: S. Miyagawa, et al.; J. Biol. Chem. 276, 39310 (2001), Abstract — Full Text
- Xenotransplantation: in vitro analysis of synthetic alpha-galactosyl inhibitors of human anti-Galalpha1–>3Gal IgM and IgG antibodies: R. Rieben, et al.; Glycobiology 10, 141 (2000), Abstract
- Mechanism of delayed rejection in transgenic pig-to-primate cardiac xenotransplantation: R.H. Chen, et al.; J. Surg. Res. 90, 119 (2000), Abstract
- Differential immune responses to alpha-gal epitopes on xenografts and allografts: implications for accommodation in xenotransplantation: M. Tanemura, et al.; J. Clin. Invest. 105, 301 (2000), Abstract
- Differential expression of alpha-Gal epitopes on pig and mouse organs: M. Tanemura & U. Galili; Transplant. Proc. 32, 843 (2000), Abstract
- Regulation of natural killer cell-mediated swine endothelial cell lysis through genetic remodeling of a glycoantigen: S. Miyagawa, et al.; J. Biochem. 126, 1067 (1999), Abstract
- alpha-Gal Oligosaccharides: Chemistry and Potential Biomedical Application: A. Janczuk, et al.; Curr. Med. Chem. 6, 155 (1999), Abstract
- A sensitive assay for measuring alpha-Gal epitope expression on cells by a monoclonal anti-Gal antibody: U. Galili, et al.; Transplantation 65, 1129 (1998), Abstract
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