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Matrix interference describes the situation where the sample matrix (buffer salts, pH, additives like detergents or solvents, proteins, …) interferes with the assay leading to inaccurate results. Such interference can manifest itself as either falsely depressed or falsely elevated levels of analyte.
To test for matrix interference, the best option is to perform a spike and recovery study. This can be done by taking a representative sample or two and split it into two parts. To one of those parts, a known amount of analyte (from the standard) is added. This sample is called “spiked” sample. Subsequently, spiked and unspiked samples are tested in the assay. The percent added recovery is determined by subtracting the endogenous contribution of the analyte (concentration measured in the unspiked samples) from the total analyte concentration measured in the spiked sample, then divided by the concentration of standard added in the spiked sample and multiplied by 100. Acceptable recovery ranges should be within 80% to 120% of the spiked sample.