There are three main techniques for probe labeling. Labeled probes can be generated by incorporating labeled nucleotides during the synthesis or transcription of the DNA/RNA. Nick translation uses existing DNA templates. DNAse introduces single-strand nicks, then DNA polymerase I repairs these nicks, while labeled nucleotides are being incorporated into the probe. Finally, probes can be end-labeled by extending existing oligonucleotides with labeled dUTPs.

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