Coronavirus

Tools to Support Your COVID-19 Research

The coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). On March 11, 2020, after more than 118,000 cases in 114 countries and 4,291 deaths, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared COVID-19 outbreak a pandemic, which lasted until May 5th, 2023, when WHO declared the end of COVID-19 as a global health emergency. Although the cases have been on a downward trend, the risks still remain as new variants emerge that cause new surges of cases and deaths. To aid the efforts of developing vaccines and therapeutics, Enzo offers a comprehensive portfolio of high quality antibodies, antigens and ISH probes for the detection and characterization of SARS-CoV-2 to accelerate COVID-19 research.

What are Coronaviruses?

Discovered in the late 1960s in infected bronchioles of chickens and humans exhibiting symptoms similar to the common cold, coronaviruses are RNA viruses with a positive sense, single-stranded RNA genome. These viruses got their name due to the morphology of the viral particles under the microscope, where the proteins have a club-shaped that covers the virion’s capsid, which resemble the solar corona or crown that appears around the sun.

Several coronavirus have been emerging throughout the years that cause mild to severe respiratory diseases, which include SARS-CoV in 2003, HCoV NL63 in 2004, HKU1 in 2005, MERS-CoV in 2012, and most recently, SARS-CoV-2 in 2019. SARS-CoV-2 is an enveloped, non-segmented, positive RNA virus that encodes four structural proteins: nucleocapsid (N), membrane (M), spike (S) and envelope (E) proteins, together with several non-structural proteins (nsp). The virions use the S protein to enter the host cells and the N protein to coat the viral RNA to hijack human cells and turn them into virus factories. SARS-CoV-2 is one of the highly pathogenic β-coronaviruses that infect humans.

Molecular

AMPIXTRACT® SARS-CoV-2 Extraction Kit (RUO)

AMPIXTRACT® Extraction Kits are designed with magnetic beads separation technology and proprietary buffer system to isolate viral RNA from nasopharyngeal samples with a 99% recovery of extracted RNA. The isolated RNA is pure and ready for target amplification with RT-PCR methods.

AMPIPROBE® SARS-CoV-2 Assay Kit (RUO)

AMPIPROBE® Assay Kit is a multiplexed assay designed to detect specific infectious agents with a primer/probe combination that can be used with generic qPCR instruments.

AMPIPROBE® SARS-CoV-2 Controls (RUO)

AMPIPROBE® controsl are designed to be used during the qPCR detection of the infectious agent.

Serological

While molecular tests serve to monitor active infections, serological tests are used to detect antibodies that are being produced by the immune system in response to viral infection.

SARS-CoV-2 IgG ELISA Kit

An enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) designed for the qualitative detection of SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies in human serum.

SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid IgG ELISA Kit (RUO)

Histology

Histopathological examination of SARS-CoV-2 viral infection is a powerful tool for the characterization and understanding the viral mechanism of action and spatial biology of protein and nucleic acid expression. Enzo offers a list of tools including high-quality antibodies and AMPIVIEW® RNA probes for the detection of SARS-CoV-2.

Coronavirus Antibodies

AMPIVIEW® RNA probes

Learn More

AMPIVIEW® SARS-CoV-2 RNA Probes Set
AMPIVIEW® SARS-CoV-2 RNA Probes Kit

Coronavirus (COVID-19 S1) antigen (aa 1-674), (recombinant)

The spike protein (S) of SARS-CoV-2 is the most prominent structure on the outside of the viral particles and the most promising target for both vaccination studies and blocking of viral entry. The spike protein is responsible for viral entry by binding the ACE2 host receptor. Spike protein-ACE2 interaction is thought to occur through key residues in the receptor binding domain (aa ~450-510).

Product Details

SARS-CoV Viral Entry

Monitoring of T Cell Exhaustion

T cells play a critical role in antiviral immunity and their exhaustion has been recently correlated with the progression of the COVID-19 disease. However, it still remains unclear how the viral infection affects the exhaustion of T cells and if it impairs their functional state. We provide a variety of markers to quantify T cells and assess their functional state.

Monitoring of Virion Endocytosis/Lysis

The Endo-/Lysosomal pathway is a key player in viral entry into host cells. Specifically, lysosomal clearance of virions is suspected to be one of the major intracellular defense mechanism against coronaviruses.

Monitoring of Clathrin-mediated Viral Entry

LYSO-ID® Red cytotoxicity kit (GFP-CERTIFIED®)

Product Details

Our LYSO-ID Red Cytotoxicity Kit (GFP-CERTIFIED) is the ideal tool to study lysosomal processes and viral biology in fluorescent live microscopy. It monitors dysfunction of lysosomal degradation using a drug-like cationic amphiphilic tracer (CAT) dye that rapidly and selectively stains acidic organelles, and is suitable for monitoring accumulation of lysosomes and lysosome-like structures in live cells.

  • Assay includes unique drug-like dye that rapidly partitions into cells and labels acidic organelles
  • Only commercial assay available that allows for long-term cell monitoring of cytotoxic effects
  • Multi-well, high-throughput with rapid 10-15 minute dye incubation
  • No co-incubation with artificial phospholipid analogs required for detection, eliminating the potential for confounding dyeassociated artifacts
  • Monitors lysosome accumulation as a response to prolonged drug treatment
  • Quantitative results in as little as 3 hours, including drug treatment

Complemetary Products

Monitoring of Autophagy in SARS-CoV-2 Infection

Autophagy is a self-degradative process that cells use to recycle damaged proteins and destroy pathogens, including SARS-CoV-2. The scientific communities are trying to shed a light on the interplay between the autophagy machinery and SARS-CoV-2 infection but until now it is still not clear if autophagy inhibition or activation would be more effective against SARS-CoV-2.

CYTO-ID® Autophagy detection kit 2.0

Product Details
HeLa cells were stained with CYTO-ID® Green Detection Reagent 2 after being cultured in (A) full media or (B) starvation media (EBSS) with 40μM Chloroquine for 4h. Cells starved in EBSS in the presence of Chloroquine showed very bright green fluorescent signals and punctate structures.

Autophagy is a self-degradative process that cells use to recycle damaged proteins and destroy pathogens, including SARS-CoV-2. CYTO-ID® Autophagy Detection Kit 2.0 measures autophagic vacuoles and monitors autophagic flux in lysosomally inhibited live cells using a novel dye that selectively labels accumulated autophagic vacuoles. The dye has been optimized through the identification of titratable functional moieties that allow for minimal staining of lysosomes while exhibiting bright fluorescence upon incorporation into pre-autophagosomes, autophagosomes, and autolysosomes (autophagolysosomes). The assay offers a rapid and quantitative approach to monitoring autophagy in live cells without the need for cell transfection.

  • No transfection assay eliminates need for transfection efficiency validation
  • Brighter, more photostable dye specifically stains autophagic vesicles
  • Negligible staining of lysosomes reduces background seen with other dyes
  • Rapidly quantifies autophagy in native heterogeneous cell populations
  • Facilitates high-throughput screening of activators and inhibitors of autophagy

Viral Cytotoxicity Assays

Culture medium – Serum-free medium for the culture of airway cells

SCREEN-WELL® FDA approved drug library V2

Accelerate drug optimization with a unique collection of compounds of known safety and bioavailability for diverse targets.

Product Information
  • Contains more than 770 drug compounds carefully selected to maximize chemical pharmacological diversity
  • 100% known bioactivity and greatest degree of drug-likeness available
  • Recently approved FDA compounds are also included
  • We provide detailed information in our comprehensive documentation for each compound

Drug Discovery Assays

ADAM17 fluorometric drug discovery kit

Disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 17 (ADAM17), also known as TNF-alpha converting enzyme (TACE), plays an important role in shedding of the main SARS-CoV receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), and regulation of viral entry. Our ADAM17 fluorometric drug discovery kit is supremely suited to analyze pharmacological modulation of ADAM17 enzymatic activity.

Product Information

Antiviral Response

Cytokine Storm Monitoring

Emerging data suggest that many patients infected with COVID-19 may die due to an excessive response of their immune system, characterized by the abnormal release of circulating cytokines, termed cytokine release syndrome (CRS). CRS plays a major role in the deterioration of COVID-19 patients from pneumonia through acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) cumulating in systemic inflammation and ultimately multi-system organ failure.

This phenomenon of a plethora of cytokines wreaking havoc throughout the body is often vividly referred to as “cytokine storm”.

Many cytokines take part of the cytokine storm in COVID-19 patients including IL-6, IL-1, IL-2, IL-10, TNF-α and IFN-γ, however a crucial role seems to be played by IL-6, whose increased levels in the serum have been correlated with respiratory failure, ARDS, and adverse clinical outcomes.

IL-6 (human) high sensitivity ELISA kit

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a key pro-inflammatory cytokine and a plays a crutial role in the COVID-19-related immune response. We offer one of the most sensitive IL-6 (human) ELISA kit on the market.

  • Ultrasensitive – Allows you to quantify low interleukin amounts
  • Highly Specific – Negligible reactivity with other family members
  • Strict Quality Control – Ensures reproducible results, lot-after-lot
  • Scientist Trusted – Regularly cited in peer-reviewed publications for over four decades
Product Information
Ultrasensitive Detection of IL-6

Standard curve for IL-6 (human) High-Sensitivity ELISA Kit

Complementary Cytokine ELISA Assays

Please check out our extended Cytokine ELISA portfolio.

Cytokine Storm Signaling Pathway Monitoring

Cytokines bind to receptors on target cells and activate a cascade of intercellular signals. The most common of these pathways is the protein kinase transduction cascade. Here we offer a number of targets to monitor the signal cascade at different stages.

IFN-γ (human), (recombinant)
IFN-γ (human), ELISA kit

IL-10 (human), (recombinant)
IL-10 (human), ELISA kit
TNF-α (human), (recombinant)
TNF-α (human), (recombinant) (cell culture grade)
TNF-α (soluble) (human), (recombinant)
TNF-α Recombinant monoclonal antibody (RMTNFA-1)
TNF-α inhibitor

IL-6 (human), high sensitivity ELISA kit
IL-6 High Sensitivity Controls
IL-6 (human), (recombinant)
IL-6 monoclonal antibody (2C9)

IL-6 receptor Recombinant monoclonal antibody (rhPM-1) (Human IgG1κ)
IL-6 receptor Recombinant monoclonal antibody (rhPM-1) (Rabbit IgGκ)

IL-6 receptor Recombinant monoclonal antibody (rhPM-1) (Human IgG1κ)
IL-6 receptor Recombinant monoclonal antibody (rhPM-1) (Rabbit IgGκ)

JAK2 (human), (recombinant) (His-tag)
AG-490
Baricitinib phosphate
Momelotinib
Ruxolitinib

Stat1 α polyclonal antibody
[pSer727]Stat1 monoclonal antibody (12C5)
[pSer727]Stat3 monoclonal antibody (23G5)
[pTyr705]Stat3 polyclonal antibody
Stat3 monoclonal antibody (7G8)
[pTyr695/Tyr699]Stat5 A/B monoclonal antibody (5G4)
Stat5α polyclonal antibody
Galiellalactone
S14-95
STA-21
Stattic
WP1066

CD8α Recombinant monoclonal antibody (YTS 105.18) (Rabbit IgGκ)
CD8α Recombinant monoclonal antibody (YTS 105.18) (Rat IgG2aκ)
CD8β Recombinant monoclonal antibody (YTS 156.7.7) (Rat IgG2bκ)
CD8 β Recombinant monoclonal antibody (YTS 156.7.7) (Rabbit IgGκ)

VEGF (human), ELISA kit
VEGF monoclonal antibody (6B7)
VEGF monoclonal antibody (NYRhVEGF)
VEGF Recombinant monoclonal antibody (A.4.6.1) (Mouse IgG1κ)
VEGF Recombinant monoclonal antibody (Human IgG1κ)
MCP-1 (rat), ELISA kit
MCP-1 monoclonal antibody (E10052) (biotin conjugate)
IL-8 (human), ELISA kit
IL-8 (human), (recombinant)
IL-8 monoclonal antibody (NYR-HIL8)
IL-6 (human), high sensitivity ELISA kit
IL-6 High Sensitivity Controls
IL-6 (human), (recombinant)
IL-6 receptor Recombinant monoclonal antibody (rhPM-1) (Human IgG1κ)
IL-6 receptor Recombinant monoclonal antibody (rhPM-1) (Rabbit IgGκ)
IL-6 monoclonal antibody (2C9)
E-cadherin (human) monoclonal antibody (SHE78-7)
E-cadherin monoclonal antibody (ECCD-2)

CRP (human) ELISA kit
C-reactive protein (human), (recombinant)
Fibrinogen (human plasma)
Fibrinogen (human) monoclonal antibody (1D6)
Thrombopoietin (human), (recombinant)
Complement component C3 (human) monoclonal antibody (6F6)
Complement component C3 (human) monoclonal antibody (7C10)
Albumin serum (bovine) monoclonal antibody (25G7)

Bradykinin Storm Monitoring

Bradykinin is a peptide that dilates blood vessels and makes them leaky. Recent studies have reported a significant increase in Bradykinin levels in SARS-CoV-2 infected people that has been referred to as a ‘Bradykinin Storm’. Increased bradykinin levels promotes the formation of a fluid in the lungs that prevents the transfer of oxygen to the blood and subsequently to all other tissues, a common abnormality in COVID-19. Although the ‘Bradykinin Storm’ seems to be responsible for the more severe symptoms of COVID-19, more research is still needed to have a clear understanding of how it functions.

We provide a Bradykinin ELISA kit for a sensitive and accurate monitoring of bradykinin levels in plasma, serum and urine samples.

Bradykinin ELISA kit

  • Sensitive, reliably measure as little as 24.8 pg/ml of Bradykinin
  • Rapid results in just 3 hours from up to 41 samples in duplicate
  • Broad dynamic range to easily quantify high and low levels of Bradykinin
  • Easy-to-use liquid color-coded reagents reduce errors
Product Information
Sensitive Measurement of Bradykinin
Standard curve for Bradykinin ELISA kit

MAPK Signaling Pathway Monitoring

Please check out our extended Small Molecules portfolio.